II.\u5f31\u5b87\u5b99\u76e3\u7763\u539f\u7406\u7684\u5047\u60f3\u5be6\u9a57<\/p>\n
\u4e0a\u6b21\u6211\u5011\u63d0\u5230\u7f85\u5091\u6f58\u8afe\u65af\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5f31\u5b87\u5b99\u76e3\u7763\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4efb\u4f55\u9ed1\u6d1e\u5947\u9ede\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u96b1\u85cf\u5728\u8996\u754c\u4e4b\u5167\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u88f8\u5947\u9ede\u7522\u751f\u7121\u7aae\u5927\u6f6e\u6c50\u529b\u7684\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u89c0\u6e2c\u6548\u61c9\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u78ba\u8a8d\u5f31\u5b87\u5b99\u76e3\u7763\u539f\u7406\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u666e\u904d\u6027\u539f\u88e1\uff1f\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u8a72\u539f\u7406\u662f\u5426\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6975\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e0b\u88ab\u9055\u53cd\uff1f\u6211\u5011\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u8981\u554f\u7684\u662f\u5728\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u6240\u5141\u8a31\u7684\u7a69\u614b\u6642\u7a7a\u7576\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u88f8\u5947\u9ede\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6642\u7a7a\uff1f\u9019\u500b\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7684\u8f49\u901f\u8d85\u904e\u67d0\u4e00\u500b\u81e8\u754c\u503c\u6642\uff0c\u9ed1\u6d1e\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u5947\u9ede\u5c31\u6703\u88f8\u9732\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u540c\u6a23\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u9ed1\u6d1e\u6240\u5e36\u7684\u96fb\u8377\u8d85\u904e\u67d0\u500b\u81e8\u754c\u503c\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703\u5f62\u6210\u88f8\u5947\u9ede\u3002\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u6240\u9810\u6e2c\u7684\u9ed1\u6d1e\u6642\u7a7a\u7684\u8996\u754c\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8f49\u901f\u8207\u96fb\u8377\u5c0f\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u81e8\u754c\u503c\u6642\u624d\u6703\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u5c31\u662f\u88f8\u5947\u9ede\u3002\u8853\u8a9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u7a31\u9019\u4e9b\u8655\u5728\u81e8\u754c\u503c\u7684\u9ed1\u6d1e\u70ba\u6975\u7aef\u9ed1\u6d1e\uff08extremal black hole\uff09\u3002\u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u53eb\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u4eba\u5011\u666e\u904d\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u9ed1\u6d1e\u6216\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u88f8\u5947\u9ede\u662f\u5f88\u96e3\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u7269\u7406\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u8f49\u52d5\u52d5\u91cf\u8207\u96fb\u8377\u90fd\u662f\u5b88\u6046\u91cf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u5011\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7121\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u5f62\u6210\u8d85\u5feb\u8f49\u901f\u6216\u8005\u8d85\u5927\u96fb\u8377\u7684\u9ed1\u6d1e\u6642\u7a7a\u662f\u5f88\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u8f03\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8f49\u901f\u8207\u96fb\u8377\u8f03\u5c0f\u7684\u9ed1\u6d1e\u9010\u6f38\u5438\u9032\u5468\u906d\u7684\u5e36\u81ea\u65cb\u8207\u96fb\u8377\u7684\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5728\u7d93\u904e\u5f88\u9577\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u6642\u9593\u4e4b\u5f8c\u9010\u6f38\u903c\u8fd1\u6975\u7aef\u9ed1\u6d1e\u6216\u88f8\u5947\u9ede\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u9ed1\u6d1e\u6216\u88f8\u5947\u9ede\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u6975\u5c11\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u548c\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u89c0\u6e2c\u5230\u7684\u9ed1\u6d1e\u73fe\u8c61\u543b\u5408\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u5728LIGO\/Virgo\u5e72\u6d89\u5100\u6240\u89c0\u6e2c\u5230\u7684\u91cd\u529b\u6ce2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\uff082020\u5e74\uff09\u7d04\u6709\u6578\u5341\u500b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u662f\u7531\u96d9\u9ed1\u6d1e\u4e92\u7e5e\u4f75\u5408\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u6578\u64da\u5206\u6790\u6240\u63a8\u8ad6\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u9ed1\u6d1e\u8f49\u901f\u90fd\u96e2\u81e8\u754c\u503c\u5f88\u9060\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e7e\u4e4e\u4e0d\u5e36\u96fb\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5118\u7ba1\u903c\u8fd1\u6975\u7aef\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u9084\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u6975\u5c0f\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u3002\u6211\u5011\u600e\u77e5\u5728\u6d69\u701a\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u6703\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u767c\u751f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u5462\uff1f\u70ba\u4e86\u6e2c\u8a66\u5f31\u5b87\u5b99\u76e3\u7763\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u7f85\u4f2f\u83ef\u5fb7 \uff08Robert Wald\uff09\u57281974\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5047\u60f3\u5be6\u9a57\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5f80\u6975\u7aef\u9ed1\u6d1e\u88e1\u982d\u4e1f\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u5920\u7834\u58de\u9019\u500b\u9ed1\u6d1e\u800c\u7522\u751f\u88f8\u5947\u9ede\uff1f\u8b6c\u5982\u5c07\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u65cb\u5f88\u5feb\uff0c\u6216\u96fb\u91cf\u5f88\u5927\u4f46\u6975\u8f15\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u4e1f\u5165\u9ed1\u6d1e\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7684\u8f49\u901f\u8207\u96fb\u8377\u5c31\u6703\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u8d85\u904e\u81e8\u754c\u503c\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u7522\u751f\u88f8\u5947\u9ede\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u83ef\u5fb7\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u8b49\u660e\uff1a\u6839\u64da\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u52d5\u91cf\u8207\u96fb\u8377\u5b88\u6046\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u6703\u9055\u53cd\u5f31\u5b87\u5b99\u76e3\u7763\u539f\u7406\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e1f\u4e0d\u9032\u53bb\u6975\u7aef\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7684\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u9ed1\u6d1e\u9644\u8fd1\u90fd\u6703\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u80a1\u6392\u65a5\u529b\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u53cd\u5f48\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u6389\u9032\u9ed1\u6d1e\u3002\u4f60\u4e5f\u8a31\u6703\u5f88\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9019\u9ebc\u525b\u597d\u5c31\u6eff\u8db3\u5f31\u5b87\u5b99\u76e3\u7763\u539f\u7406\uff1f\u9019\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u8981\u6c42\u5f80\u88e1\u6389\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5fc5\u9808\u662f\u6b63\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u689d\u4ef6\u525b\u597d\u8207\u5f31\u5b87\u5b99\u76e3\u7763\u539f\u7406\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5f80\u88e1\u4e1f\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u8ca0\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7834\u58de\u9ed1\u6d1e\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u7522\u751f\u88f8\u5947\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e0d\u904e\u83ef\u5fb7\u7684\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8b49\u660e\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e7e\u9ede\uff1a
\n1.\u00a0 \u9664\u4e86\u7c92\u5b50\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u7269\u8cea\u9084\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u4ee5\u5834\u8207\u6ce2\uff08fields and waves\uff09\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u83ef\u5fb7\u7684\u7c21\u55ae\u8b49\u660e\u4e26\u7121\u6cd5\u8655\u7406\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u5834\u584c\u7e2e\uff08collapse\uff09\u5c0d\u5f31\u5b87\u5b99\u76e3\u7763\u539f\u7406\u7684\u6311\u6230\u3002
\n2. \u4e4b\u524d\u8aaa\u904e\uff0c\u611b\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u53ef\u80fd\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5b8c\u6574\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u65bc\u611b\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u6703\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u9055\u53cd\u5f31\u5b87\u5b99\u76e3\u7763\u539f\u7406\u3002\u540c\u6a23\u7684\uff0c\u83ef\u5fb7\u7684\u8b49\u660e\u53ea\u8003\u616e\u4e86\u611b\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u3002
\n3. \u6975\u7aef\u9ed1\u6d1e\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f88\u7279\u5225\u7684\u9ed1\u6d1e\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u7232\u9644\u8fd1\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u584c\u7e2e\u800c\u7522\u751f\u53cd\u994b\u7684\u91cd\u529b\u6ce2\u8f3b\u5c04\u3002\u9019\u5df2\u662f\u83ef\u5fb7\u7684\u8b49\u660e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8003\u616e\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8fd1\u6975\u7aef\u9ed1\u6d1e\uff08near-extremal black hole\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7684\u8f49\u901f\u8207\u96fb\u8377\u5f88\u63a5\u8fd1\u81e8\u754c\u503c\uff0c\u5c0f\u65bc\u4f46\u4e0d\u7b49\u65bc\uff0c\u9019\u6642\u5019\u9644\u8fd1\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u584c\u7e2e\u5c31\u6703\u9020\u6210\u53cd\u994b\u7684\u91cd\u529b\u6ce2\u8f3b\u5c04\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5f71\u97ff\u5c0d\u65bc\u584c\u7e2e\u7269\u8cea\u904b\u52d5\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u4f30\u7b97\u3002 \u7576\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u662f\u5047\u8a2d\u584c\u7e2e\u6216\u5f80\u9ed1\u6d1e\u4e1f\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u90fd\u662f\u80fd\u91cf\u70ba\u6b63\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u5426\u5247\u6703\u6709\u9055\u53cd\u5f31\u5b87\u5b99\u76e3\u7763\u539f\u7406\u6216\u7522\u751f\u87f2\u6d1e\uff08wormhole\uff09\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u767c\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7531\u65bc\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e09\u9ede\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5f31\u5b87\u5b99\u76e3\u7763\u539f\u7406\u7684\u8b49\u660e\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u61f8\u800c\u672a\u6c7a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4e00\u76f4\u8981\u7b49\u5230\u56db\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u83ef\u5fb7\u8207\u4ed6\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u65af\u63d0\u53cd\u8377\u862d\uff08Stefan Holland\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f37\u7d0d\u751f\u7d22\u65af\uff08Jonathan Sorce\uff09\u624d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u7d30\u7dfb\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\u4f86\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u8b49\u660e\u5f31\u5b87\u5b99\u76e3\u7763\u539f\u7406\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u6642\u8655\u7406\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u9ede\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e4b\u8655\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u5728\u4e0b\u6b21\u8a0e\u8ad6\u9019\u500b\u8b49\u660e\u67b6\u69cb\u3002<\/p>\n
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